Strip coal mining - Appalachian Voices estimated that the total cost of outstanding reclamation for all seven states at the time was $7.5 to $9.8 billion dollars, and that required bonding programs were likely to be ...

 
Surface strip mining (also known as area, open pit or open cast mining) to extract lignite was used at several mines starting in the 1920s, but was the only means of extracting lignite after 1951. There are six coal provinces in the conterminous United States (the “Lower 48”).. Lawrence airport shuttle

25 de jun. de 2017 ... An astronaut managed to capture the size and detail of the artificial landscape that results from strip mining.There were three of the giant machines at issue: The Tiger, The Mountaineer, and The GEM of Egypt.All three were then in the service of the Hanna Coal Company, which by 1970, had been strip mining in Ohio for decades and was then a division of the much larger Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company, later known as “Consol,” itself then owned by Continental Oil.History Coal, primarily from underground mines east of the Mississippi was the nation's primary fuel source until the early 1950s. Surface (strip) and mountaintop removal mining overtook underground mines in the 1970s. In 2000, the majority of coal was produced west of the Mississippi. Production Coal production volume, 2008–2018Minecraft's New Best Level To Strip Mine For Diamonds. Minecraft's Caves & Cliffs update has expanded the world's maximum depth from Y-level 0 to Y-level -60 which means there are sixty additional layers added to the bottom of each world. While Y-level 12 was the optimal level for strip mining, that level has now been lowered to Y-level -35.26 de out. de 2015 ... ... Mining Co. a permit to strip-mine coal there. The company plans to mine underneath 741 acres for coal and to surface-mine 200 acres. It isn ...The following table lists the coal mines in the United States that produced at least 4,000,000 short tons of coal. ... Kosse Strip: Luminant Mining Surface Texas: 10,997,088 Rawhide Mine: Peabody Energy Corporation: Surface ... Warrior Met Coal Mining Underground Alabama: 4,864,828 El Segundo El Segundo Coal Surface New ...1 de mai. de 2021 ... Advertisement: In fact, the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection celebrated Earth Day by rubber-stamping a new strip-mining ...Another method, area mining, occurs on relatively flat terrain. Contour strip mining accounted for more than half of the surface mine closures between 2008 and 2017. Open-pit coal mining is a combination of contour and area mining methods and is used to mine thick, steeply inclined coalbeds. In contrast to other forms of mining, open pit mines ...26 de out. de 2015 ... ... Mining Co. a permit to strip-mine coal there. The company plans to mine underneath 741 acres for coal and to surface-mine 200 acres. It isn ...Surface-strip coal mining can disturb landscapes extensively, typically affecting ten times more land than that affected by underground coal mining (Tongway and Ludwig, 2011). Surface mines have a disturbance potential that is unmatched by any other human activity, except for urban development. Surface-strip coal mining may involve the use of 1:55. The energy system's transition away from coal will leave miners with the equivalent of 100 job cuts daily through 2035, mostly in China and India. Mine closures will eliminate about 15% of ...Mountaintop removal coal mines have changed the shape, altitude, and ecology of large areas of the Appalachian coalfields. This photograph shows part of the Kayford Mountain Mine in West Virginia on October 22, 2006. [© Vivian Stockman, Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition (OVEC).] The most controversial mines are known as mountaintop removal ... Ebensburg Office (Cambria Office) Environmental Program Manager: Roger Rummel, P. E. 286 Industrial Park Road. Ebensburg, PA 15931. Phone: 814-472-1800. Fax: 814-472-1839. Directions. View the District Office Territory Map (pdf) *To report an abandoned mine-related problem or hazard, contact the appropriate field office.Texas lignite coal is produced exclusively via surface strip mining (also called open-pit mining). While Texas historically been produced its lignite using underground coal mining,...The history of coal mining in the United States starts with the first commercial use in 1701, within the Manakin-Sabot area of Richmond, Virginia. [1] Coal was the dominant power source in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and although in rapid decline it remains a significant source of energy in 2023.Strip mining accounts for about 40 percent of the world’s coal mines but in some countries, such as Australia, open cast mines make up 80 percent of mines. Even though it’s highly destructive, industry often prefers strip mining as it requires less labor and yields more coal than underground mining. Impacts of strip miningThe federal Surface Mining Reclamation Act of 1977 requires coal companies to leave the denuded land in roughly the shape ... small modular nuclear reactor slated for a former strip mine in ...The anthracite mining industry loomed over the region until its decline in the 1950s. Strip mines and fires, most notably in Centralia remain visible. Several violent incidences in the history of the U.S. labor movement occurred within the coal region as this was the location of the Lattimer Massacre and the home of the Molly Maguires.The Violent Remaking of Appalachia. When mining a century’s worth of energy means ruining a landscape for millions of years. Central Appalachia’s history is the story of coal. At its peak in ...The cost of launching a website – $600. The cost for our opening party – $5,000. Miscellaneous – $5,000. Recommended: Diamond Mining Business Plan [Sample Template for 2024] We would need an estimate of $450,000 to successfully set up a standard and highly competitive coal mining company in Juneau – Alaska.Folia Geobot. Phytotax., Praha, 22: 339–354.—The primary succession of vegetation (higher plants) was studied on large dumps from brown coal mining in N.W. Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. Three differently aged stages were investigated (1977–1986), using permanent plots and transects. Changes in the species composition, the participation of …88 Strip – Surface; Long Branch – Surface; Deep Mine 41 – Underground; Deep Mine 44 – Underground; No. 10 (Bear Ridge Upper Banner)* – Underground; ... (NYSE: AMR) is a Tennessee-based mining company with operations across Virginia and West Virginia. With customers across the globe, high-quality reserves and significant port capacity ...These European miners began to arrive in the 1870s. They learned that the red, rusty coal near the surface could be strip mined and was good for cooking and blacksmithing. The black, oily coal buried under about 200 feet of sandstone was accessed through deep mining and suited for fueling steam locomotives.Longwall mining involves the full extraction of coal from a section of the seam, or ‘face’ using mechanical shearers. The coal ‘face’ can vary in length from 100-350m. Self-advancing, hydraulically-powered supports temporarily hold …About 20% of the coal used for electricity is mined in central Appalachia, equating to 8% of our electricity. Roughly 45% of central Appalachian coal is from strip mining, and almost 100% of that is mountaintop removal. Therefore, mountaintop removal coal provides roughly only 3% of our country’s electricity.Over the next 25 years, Will County strip-mining operations produced nearly 30 million tons of coal, making it one of the leading strip-mining areas in Illinois. In 1940, NIC employed over four hundred men, and another company, the Wilmington Coal Mining Corporation had a smaller strip-mining operation in Braidwood. Like the traditional mines ...Open-pit mining is the process of extracting rock or minerals from the earth through their removal from an open pit or borrow. Figure 8.8. Open-pit mine [16]. Surface mining is usually used to develop coal seams and deposits of many other minerals, but their feasibilities vary with the nature of the body ore. Biomarker assessment of the effects of coal strip-mine contamination on channel catfish. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1998 Nov;41(3):307-20. doi: 10.1006/eesa ...Folia Geobot. Phytotax., Praha, 22: 339–354.—The primary succession of vegetation (higher plants) was studied on large dumps from brown coal mining in N.W. Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. Three differently aged stages were investigated (1977–1986), using permanent plots and transects. Changes in the species composition, the participation of …Founded in 1943, Usibelli Coal Mine (UCM) has grown to become the largest coal mining operation in Alaska utilizing the most modern mining equipment and state-of-the-art engineering to supply coal to six Alaska power plants and export coal to Chile, South Korea and several other Pacific Rim destinations. UCM sponsors many community events and …• Relate the mining of coal to power production and power use in homes. Page 2. Grade 7: Earth's Crust and Resources: Coal Mining - Surface Strip Mining ...4) Iron and emeralds. Iron ore in a cave (Image via Mojang) Y level 232 is a good level for two distinct ores following the revamped generation in the Minecraft 1.18 update. In mountain biomes ...There is much debate whether the environmental effects of coal mining justify its continued use. Coal is either extracted from deep inside the earth or removed from its surface. The former is known as underground mining, the latter as strip mining or mountaintop removal. Either process contributes a high level of damage to the environment: Strip mining is employed in coal reserves where the overburden is removed in rectangular blocks in plan view called pits or strips. The pits are parallel and adjacent to each other. Strip mining is fundamentally different from contour or area mining on how the overburden is displaced, called spoil handling. The following table lists the coal mines in the United States that produced at least 4,000,000 short tons of coal. ... Kosse Strip: Luminant Mining Surface Texas: 10,997,088 Rawhide Mine: Peabody Energy Corporation: Surface ... Warrior Met Coal Mining Underground Alabama: 4,864,828 El Segundo El Segundo Coal Surface New ...Effects of coal mining. Surface mines (sometimes called strip mines) were the source of about 62% of the coal mined in the United States in 2021. These mining …Historic Mining Records (USGS) Clarion has 9 identified mines listed in The Diggings™. The most commonly listed primary commodities in Clarion mines are Iron . 9 mines were in production at the time the data was entered into USGS records.' The problem arises, however, where there is a reservation or conveyance of coal without spelling out the right to mine the coal by strip mining methods. The ...A strip ratio, or stripping ratio, is an important measurement related to the open-pit mining process. Put simply, it represents the amount of waste material, also known as overburden, that must ...There were three of the giant machines at issue: The Tiger, The Mountaineer, and The GEM of Egypt.All three were then in the service of the Hanna Coal Company, which by 1970, had been strip mining in Ohio for decades and was then a division of the much larger Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company, later known as …irrigation pipe attests to efforts at reclamation by the peabody coal company at its strip mine near colstrip - nara - 549118.jpg 3,000 × 2,033; 851 kb MANY PEOPLE IN SOUTHEASTERN OHIO ARE NEVER FAR AWAY FROM THE SIGHT OF STRIP MINING.Located in the eastern corner of the Kaaba is the Black Stone of Mecca, whose now broken pieces are surrounded by a ring of stone and held together by a heavy silver band.According to tradition, this stone was given to Adam on his expulsion from paradise in order to obtain forgiveness of his sins. Legend has it that the stone was originally white but has become black by absorbing the sins of ...The Y coordinate of you, the player, would be the lower number + 1. (See the "Mining Technique" section in the full analysis for more details.) Coal is now best found exposed on the surface or in mountainsides, rather than in a mine. If you insist on mining for it, dig just below the dirt where stone begins generating. Iron's best range is 13 ...Jan 30, 2019 · Another method, area mining, occurs on relatively flat terrain. Contour strip mining accounted for more than half of the surface mine closures between 2008 and 2017. Open-pit coal mining is a combination of contour and area mining methods and is used to mine thick, steeply inclined coalbeds. In contrast to other forms of mining, open pit mines ... In drift mines, a tunnel is dug horizontally into the side of a mountain. In slope mines, this tunnel is diagonal. In shaft mines, elevators are used to move coal through vertical tunnels. Figure 16.2.c 16.2. c : Subsurface mining involves digging tunnels to access coal deposits that are deep underground. The Coal Area Strip Mine Formula • Strip Ratio = OB Thickness (in ft) * 11.11/ Coal thickness in inches – Assumes coal is 80 lbs/ft^3 (good for bituminous) – Area Strip Mine Geometry – Geologic Stripping Ratio – no accounting for rehandle or less than 100% coal recovery Your Turn • Use What You Have Learned About Calculating ...In this approach, also known as strip mining, oversized bulldozers remove the land surface until coal is exposed, producing large amounts of waste rock—and dust—in the process. Historically, destruction of forests often accompanied underground coal mining in the United States. In light of the energy shortage, extraction of coal by strip mining techniques can be expected to continue and expand. According to a recent government report, it has been estimated that over 50 percent of U.S. coal production for the rest of this century will be mined by surface methods. In the past strip mining was generally conducted with ...24 de jun. de 2017 ... Surface mining is a form of mining in which the soil and the rock covering the mineral deposits are removed. It is the other way of underground ...Big Muskie near Chandlersville, Ohio, July 1974. Big Muskie was a coal mining Bucyrus-Erie dragline excavator owned by the Central Ohio Coal Company (formerly a division of American Electric Power ), weighing 13,500 short tons (12,200 t) and standing nearly 22 stories tall. It operated in the U.S. state of Ohio from 1969 to 1991.The Coal Mine Information System (CMIS) is a repository for historical coal mining information in Indiana. It was developed through a cooperative agreement between the Indiana Geological Survey and the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Reclamation. In addition to historical documents, prepared maps and reports, the CMIS …Mining companies aren’t exactly known for being bold innovators. But in the face of falling productivity and continuing cost pressure, actively pursuing innovation can provide a competitive edge.15 de fev. de 2019 ... Strip mining also lowers groundwater levels around the mine. This is because, in order to remove coal, vast quantities of groundwater must be ...Kestrel Coal Mine (Kestrel) Kestrel is an underground metallurgical coal mine that we acquired in 2018. AEI – through our subsidiary Adaro Capital Ltd (48%) – and EMR Capital Ltd (52%) own 80% of Kestrel. Kestrel is in Queensland, Australia, and the acquisition of Kestrel marked our first venture outside of Indonesia.Nov 21, 2019 · It found that a total of 1,400 square miles of Appalachia within the Ohio River basin has been scarred by strip mining, with the tops and sides of mountains blasted away and steep mountains... Ohio Mines Locator. View locations and permit information on thousands of mapped surface and underground coal and minerals mines in Ohio. Information can be accessed by either entering a street address for the area of interest or by zooming in on the area and clicking on mining features. Mines of Ohio data is available for download, on a ...There were three of the giant machines at issue: The Tiger, The Mountaineer, and The GEM of Egypt.All three were then in the service of the Hanna Coal Company, which by 1970, had been strip mining in Ohio for decades and was then a division of the much larger Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Company, later known as …88 Strip – Surface; Long Branch – Surface; Deep Mine 41 – Underground; Deep Mine 44 – Underground; No. 10 (Bear Ridge Upper Banner)* – Underground; ... (NYSE: AMR) is a Tennessee-based mining company with operations across Virginia and West Virginia. With customers across the globe, high-quality reserves and significant port capacity ...Advertisement. Thousands of anti-coal protesters on Sunday gathered in cold, rainy conditions in Hambach Forest, near the western German city of Aachen, to demonstrate against the expansion of an ...Strip mining is used when coal seams are located close to the surface. It relies on very large machinery and requires many fewer workers per unit of coal. First, vegetation and soil are removed from the immediate surface. The large intermediate layer of sediment and rock, ...4 de jun. de 2010 ... Mountaintop removal coal mining, often described as “strip mining on steroids,” is an extremely destructive form of mining that is ...Surface mines (sometimes called strip mines) were the source of about 62% of the coal mined in the United States in 2021. These mining operations remove the soil and rock above coal deposits, or seams.Coal mining - Underground mining: In underground coal mining, the working environment is completely enclosed by the geologic medium, which consists of the coal seam and the overlying and underlying strata. Access to the coal seam is gained by suitable openings from the surface, and a network of roadways driven in the seam then facilitates …Appalachian Voices estimated that the total cost of outstanding reclamation for all seven states at the time was $7.5 to $9.8 billion dollars, and that required bonding programs were likely to be ...appalachian highwall mining ahm coal mine #1 s0500617-a 4407041 logan 2 appalachian resource wv, llc grapevine east surfa s00500707b 4608930 mingo 2 ... skyway strip, inc. skyway iii mine s00301912 4609480 mcdowell 2 south fork coal co., llc blue knob surface s00300511 4609448 greenbrier 4Her father, Edwin, a civil engineer, was the Harrison County Surveyor before taking a position leading the reclamation effort for Hanna Coal Company and their extensive strip coal mining operation. He started Cadiz Seed Company after he retired from Hanna Coal, developing, refining and processing seed for an embankment legume called crown …1. Devastation of Landscapes and Habitats. Strip mining implicates the stripping away of soil and rocks to access the coal beneath. If a mountain is standing in the way of a coal seam within, it will be exploded or demolished – successfully leaving a damaged landscape and distressing ecosystems and wildlife habitat. There is much debate whether the environmental effects of coal mining justify its continued use. Coal is either extracted from deep inside the earth or removed from its surface. The former is known as underground mining, the latter as strip mining or mountaintop removal. Either process contributes a high level of damage to the environment: Image 8: Coal seams in North Dakota might be thin, or as deep as the Peerless Mammoth seam at Gascoyne mine in Bowman County. These lignite coal beds are perfect for surface mining techniques. SHSND 2004-P-03-003. Image 5: North Dakota’s coal beds lie near the surface so they are perfect for strip, or surface, mining.Pittsburg, city, Crawford county, southeastern Kansas, U.S., near the Missouri border.Laid out in 1876, it developed as a zinc- and coal-mining town and railroad centre and was named after Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Besides strip coal-mining operations, it has large plants that produce coal-preparation equipment and ammonium nitrate. Pittsburg State …Advertisement. Thousands of anti-coal protesters on Sunday gathered in cold, rainy conditions in Hambach Forest, near the western German city of Aachen, to demonstrate against the expansion of an ...Surface mining in such steep landscapes is called mountaintop removal coal mining with valley fills (MTMVF). To access coal from the surface, MTMVF operators ...The West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey provides an interactive map of underground and surface coal mining activity in West Virginia. The map shows areas of active and historical coal mining in both underground and surface mines, with separate colors for auger and highwall mining. Users can zoom in on mining areas and retrieve information for individual mines, including historical ... History of coal mining - Wikipedia. The history of coal mining goes back thousands of years, with early mines documented in ancient China, the Roman Empire and other early historical economies.Strip mining is the most brutally destructive form of extracting raw materials from the Earth's crust. It means that whole landscapes get "eaten" away, chewed ...Surface strip mining (also known as area, open pit or open cast mining) to extract lignite was used at several mines starting in the 1920s, but was the only means of extracting lignite after 1951. There are six coal provinces in the conterminous United States (the “Lower 48”).2. South Kalimantan. 3. East Kalimantan. The Indonesian coal industry is rather fragmented with only a few big producers and many small players that own coal mines and coal mine concessions (mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan). Since the early 1990s, when the coal mining sector was reopened for foreign investment, Indonesia witnessed a robust ...This is a bunch of random clips I got at the local strip mine over the last number of years. Thanks for watching and enjoy the video!1. Devastation of Landscapes and Habitats. Strip mining implicates the stripping away of soil and rocks to access the coal beneath. If a mountain is standing in the way of a coal seam within, it will be exploded or demolished – successfully leaving a damaged landscape and distressing ecosystems and wildlife habitat.Leaking doors make it tough to keep your home, automobile or RV safe from mold and damage caused by water. Check out this guide to buying plastic door strips and get started on that repair project right now.Published: 24 January 2022. Coal mining method with near-zero impact on the ecological environment in a high-intensity mining area of Northwest China. Erhu Bai, Wenbing …Garzweiler mine. Lignite has been mined from the Garzweiler coalfields for over 100 years. The mine originated in the town of Grevenbroich and its centre is now in the Rhein-Kreis Neuss and Heinsberg districts. Just as was the case before the mining operation commenced, the area in between is filled with large areas of farmland, which were re ...15 de fev. de 2019 ... Strip mining also lowers groundwater levels around the mine. This is because, in order to remove coal, vast quantities of groundwater must be ...Strip mining, removal of soil and rock (overburden) above a layer or seam (particularly coal), followed by the removal of the exposed mineral. The common strip-mining techniques are classified as area mining or contour mining on the basis of the deposit geometry and type. The cycle of operations

Surface-strip coal mining can disturb landscapes extensively, typically affecting ten times more land than that affected by underground coal mining (Tongway and Ludwig, 2011). Surface mines have a disturbance potential that is unmatched by any other human activity, except for urban development. Surface-strip coal mining may involve the use of. Priest bis wotlk phase 2

strip coal mining

The stability of coal pillar during strip mining Scholars have previously evaluated the stability of coal pillars in strip mining [60] [61][62][63][64]. The calculation …It found that a total of 1,400 square miles of Appalachia within the Ohio River basin has been scarred by strip mining, with the tops and sides of mountains blasted away and steep mountains ...Surface mining by percent of total coal mining .10. 12. 14 .16. Map. Location ... Coal production from strip and auger mines as a percentage of Tennessee's total ...In addition to the Lambert Run Strip coal mine, the project area contains approximately 275 acres of legacy coal mine lands (reclaimed according to surface mining laws in the 1970s). The project is located in Randolph County, West Virginia and is part of larger restoration project to restore a key red spruce corridor on the landscape.Tucked away in Ashland, the Pioneer Tunnel Coal Mine invites visitors to experience an old coal mine on this coal mine tour in Pennsylvania. Start your journey into the mountainside aboard a battery-powered open mine car, where you will travel 1,800 feet into the side of Mahanoy Mountain to the old coal mine. Business at the coal mine …Although there are many methods to mine in Minecraft such as strip mining, cave mining, or simple mineshaft, the best mining method for Minecraft in 1.19 is to create a 1×1 hole and crawl mining. Since ore exposure is heavily decreased in new Minecraft updates, cave mining is not ideal anymore. You could also try mineshaft mining or 2×1 ...Strip mining is a type of surface mining where the overlying vegetation, rock, and soil (overburden) is removed in order to reach the underlying coal seam, which usually lies a few feet beneath the surface. Explosives are used to fracture any overlying rock, and then heavy machinery is used to remove the overburden and dump it into a nearby area.Jun 4, 2010 · Mountaintop removal coal mining, often described as “strip mining on steroids,” is an extremely destructive form of mining that is devastating Appalachia. In the past few decades, over 2,000 miles of streams and headwaters that provide drinking water for millions of Americans have been permanently buried and destroyed. Ray mine – Asarco copper mine located in Pinal county, Arizona. Red Dog mine – zinc and lead mine in Red Dog Mine, Alaska. Rio Tinto Borax Mine – California 's largest open-pit mine and the largest borax mine in the world. Thompson Creek mine – molybdenum mine in Custer County, Idaho.Coal, copper, and gold are the principal reserves mined in Mongolia. Several gold mines are located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) north of Ulaanbaatar, such as Boroo Gold Mine and Gatsuurt Gold Mine. Khotgor Coal Mine is an open-pit coal mining site about 120 kilometres (75 mi) west of Ulaangom. Ömnögovi Province in the south of Mongolia is ...Published: 15 March 2019. Surface subsidence prediction method of backfill-strip mining in coal mining. Xiaojun Zhu, Guangli Guo, Hui Liu & Xiaoyu Yang. Bulletin of Engineering …Mar 11, 2022 · Belt Magazine is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization. To support more independent writing and journalism made by and for the Rust Belt and greater Midwest, make a donation to Belt Magazine, or become a member starting at just $5 a month . Strip-mining destroyed the landscape of central Ohio--and the lungs of many workers. In 1987 Wyoming became the largest coal producing state. It uses strip mining exclusively. Wyoming's coal reserves total about 69.3 billion short tons (62.9 Pg), or 14.2% of the U.S. coal reserve. In 2008, competition was intense in the US coal mining industry with some U.S. mines approaching the end of their useful life (mine closure). In light of the energy shortage, extraction of coal by strip mining techniques can be expected to continue and expand. According to a recent government report, it has been estimated that over 50 percent of U.S. coal production for the rest of this century will be mined by surface methods. In the past strip mining was generally conducted with ...Image 8: Coal seams in North Dakota might be thin, or as deep as the Peerless Mammoth seam at Gascoyne mine in Bowman County. These lignite coal beds are perfect for surface mining techniques. SHSND 2004-P-03-003. Image 5: North Dakota’s coal beds lie near the surface so they are perfect for strip, or surface, mining.Major U.S. Coal Mines, 2022 Rank Mine Name / Operating Company Mine Type State Production (short tons) 1 Black Thunder / Thunder Basin Coal Company LLC Surface Wyoming 62,181,557 ... 15 Kosse Strip / Luminant Mining Company LLC Surface Texas 9,334,585 16 Tunnel Ridge Mine / Tunnel Ridge, LLC Underground West Virginia …Fig. 1. Strip mining Strip mining accounts for about 40 percent of the world’s coal mines but in some countries, such as Australia, open cast mines make up 80 percent of mines. Even though it's highly destructive, industry often prefers strip mining as it requires less labour and yields more coal than underground mining. 1.2.About 20% of the coal used for electricity is mined in central Appalachia, equating to 8% of our electricity. Roughly 45% of central Appalachian coal is from strip mining, and almost 100% of that is mountaintop removal. Therefore, mountaintop removal coal provides roughly only 3% of our country’s electricity..

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